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City of Delhi · 1354

Firozabad

The fifth city moved north to the riverbank, and its sultan built more than any Delhi ruler before him.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq abandoned the dry southern ridge and put his city on the Yamuna, where it ran from the riverbank westward toward the ridge — a large, low, well-watered capital rather than a fortress. He was a compulsive builder and, unusually for his century, a restorer: he repaired the Qutub Minar, desilted Alauddin's tank and built a college beside it, and dug canals to bring water in from the north.

He also carried two Ashokan pillars to Delhi from Haryana and Ambala, one of which he raised on a stepped pyramid in his citadel, sixteen centuries after it was carved. The citadel is the Kotla, and it is most of what survives; Timur's army sacked the city in 1398, and later sultans and emperors took its stone for their own walls.

On the ground today

The Kotla citadel with its Ashokan pillar, mosque and stepwell; fragments of the city wall elsewhere in the old quarter.